Computer Science (Class 10 - English)

A computer network connects devices to share information and resources, such as a printer. Wired connections use coaxial, twisted-pair, or optical fiber cables. Wireless connections use radio technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or WiMAX. A hybrid network combines wired and wireless connections.

Wired ↔ Coaxial, twisted pair, or optical fiber cable

A shared network printer is a network ___.

Several computers need one printer. What makes sharing possible?

A Personal Area Network (PAN) connects an individual's nearby devices, normally within about 10 metres. A Local Area Network (LAN) connects devices in a small area such as a school laboratory, often through a switch. It can share one Internet connection or printer. Both are normally privately owned.

PAN ↔ One person's nearby laptop, phone, and tablet

Personal Area Network is abbreviated ___.

A school laboratory LAN can share a single Internet connection.

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) joins multiple LANs across a city-sized area; it need not serve only urban places. In this diagram, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) links college, office, and hospital LANs using optical fiber and connects them to the Internet. Ownership may span organizations.

Select the ISP network joining the three LANs.

A MAN is formed by connecting multiple ___.

Which set belongs in the chapter's MAN block diagram?

A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans distant locations; the Internet is an example. Leased circuits are communication lines supplied under contract. In increasing coverage, networks are PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN. The chapter's comparison associates larger networks with more congestion, harder maintenance, and lower transfer rates. WANs often involve multiple owners.

Arrange these network types from smallest to largest geographical coverage.

The Internet is an example of a ___.

Which statement matches the chapter's comparison table?

Why connect computers to a shared printer?

What must your MAN diagram show?

The largest of PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN is ___.

Which ownership comparison matches the textbook?

A hostname is a computer's name. The hostname command displays it on Windows, Linux, and Mac systems. Users can change names independently, so two devices may receive the same name. Without centrally managed naming, a hostname is not a reliable unique identifier.

Every computer must have a different hostname.

Two users can choose the same hostname, so it may not be ___.

Why should a hostname not always identify one computer uniquely?

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label for a network device. IPv4 has four eight-bit decimal groups separated by dots: 32 bits altogether. Full IPv6 notation has eight 16-bit hexadecimal groups separated by colons: 128 bits. Divide bits by eight to obtain bytes.

How many bytes do IPv4 and IPv6 addresses occupy?

An IPv6 address contains 128 bits. How many bytes is that?

Which pair gives IPv4 and IPv6 lengths in bytes, respectively?

An IPv4 address needs four decimal groups, each from 0 to 255 because each has eight bits. Valid examples: 172.16.254.2, 192.168.1.1, 10.0.0.1, 172.16.0.1, 192.168.0.25. Invalid examples: 256.1.1.1, 192.168.1, 10.0.0.1.2, 10.-1.0.2, 10.a.0.1. Check group count, numbers, and range.

Which is a valid IPv4 address?

Each decimal group in IPv4 must be between 0 and ___.

Which explanation correctly rejects 10.0.0.1.2?

A cable alone does not ensure communication: a device also needs a suitable IP address. Duplicate addresses cause an IP conflict. Addresses may be assigned manually or automatically by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, which allocates addresses from its pool to avoid such conflicts.

Order the chapter's simplified automatic address assignment.

Automatic IP address assignment uses a ___ server.

Why is an IP address not a permanent physical identity?

Why can two computers have the same hostname?

Which pair correctly classifies these IPv4 examples?

IPv4 and IPv6 occupy ___ bytes respectively.

Which service avoids manual duplicate address assignments by managing a pool?

A Media Access Control (MAC) address identifies a Network Interface Controller (NIC). Its factory-assigned, or burned-in, form has twelve hexadecimal digits in six pairs. The first six digits form the 24-bit Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI), assigned to manufacturers by IEEE. Manufacturers assign the remaining six digits to keep their interfaces distinct.

How many bytes are reserved for the OUI?

How many bytes does a 24-bit OUI occupy?

For 2C-EA-7F-FF-5A-22, which part is the OUI?

A Network Interface Card (NIC), also called a network or LAN adapter, connects a computer to a network. Wired adapters use cables; wireless adapters use antennas. External NICs normally connect through USB, while internal NICs fit a motherboard slot inside the computer.

External NIC ↔ Normally connects through USB

A network adapter is also called a ___.

A computer needs wireless reception. Which adapter feature matters?

How much of a MAC address is reserved for the OUI?

External NIC ↔ USB connection

The organization assigning manufacturer OUI prefixes is ___.

How does the factory MAC assignment maintain uniqueness?

A hub repeats incoming data to all other connected devices without filtering; it can regenerate a weakened signal. A switch uses destination information to forward data to the appropriate device. Twisted-pair connecting cables have an eight-pin RJ45 connector at each end.

Hub ↔ Sends incoming data to all other connected devices

The eight-pin connector used on the cable is ___.

Which device can select the intended local destination for incoming data?

A router connects two or more heterogeneous networks, meaning networks of different kinds. It uses destination addresses and stored network-to-port information to forward data toward the destination network, including onward routes when needed. Routers can also divide a network into subnetworks.

Switch ↔ Connects devices within a local network

Multiple heterogeneous networks are connected using a ___.

What helps a router choose where to send data?

A 16-port switch has sixteen connection points. When switches connect to each other, each link uses one port at both ends. Count those ports before counting computers: two linked switches leave only thirty computer ports, so thirty-one computers need a third switch.

How many 16-port switches connect 31 computers, with the switches also linked?

Two 16-port switches use one link between them. How many ports remain for computers?

Why are two 16-port switches insufficient for 31 computers?

An access point creates a wireless network for devices with wireless NICs. Its Service Set Identifier (SSID) is the network name: select it, then enter a password if required. Hidden SSIDs must be supplied by an administrator. Range depends on antenna power, obstructions, and environmental conditions.

Connect to a visible, password-protected wireless network.

An access point connects devices with ___ network interfaces.

A network's SSID is hidden. What information must the administrator provide?

Which local connecting device forwards using destination information?

Which pairing assigns the correct roles?

How many 16-port switches are needed for 31 computers when the switches must also connect?

Why might a wireless computer fail to reach an access point farther away?

A protocol is a set of rules allowing devices to communicate. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) divides outgoing data into packets and reassembles them at the destination. Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and delivers packets using destination IP addresses. Together, TCP/IP supports communication between networks.

Put this simplified TCP/IP journey in order.

Rules for communication between devices form a ___.

Which division of work is correct?

Email uses different protocols for sending and receiving. Post Office Protocol (POP) receives incoming email. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) sends outgoing email. Match the direction of the message to the protocol: receiving with POP, sending with SMTP.

POP ↔ Receives incoming email

Outgoing email is sent using ___.

Which protocol retrieves incoming email in the chapter's model?

Why do devices need a shared protocol?

POP ↔ Receive incoming email

The protocol that addresses and delivers packets is ___.

Which pair correctly describes TCP and IP?

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) lets a client request web resources from a server. HTTPS, Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, adds encryption: data becomes coded to prevent unauthorized access; decryption restores it. The beginning of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), such as https://example.com, identifies the protocol.

HTTP ↔ Fetches web resources without encryption

HTTPS transfers ___ data.

Which protocol among HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP transfers encrypted web data?

A URL identifies a web resource. In http://www.example.com/blog/page_name, http is the protocol; www is the subdomain; example is the root domain; com is the top-level domain. The full domain is www.example.com, blog is the subdirectory, and page_name names the page.

http ↔ Protocol

In http://www.example.com/blog/page_name, the root domain is ___.

Which part names the requested web page?

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfers files between computers with permission; clients can upload, download, navigate directories, and delete files. Plain FTP does not encrypt credentials or data. SFTP and FTPS add encrypted file transfer. Clients such as FileZilla and WinSCP can access remote storage. Cloud storage holds files remotely.

HTTP ↔ Fetches web pages and resources

Plain FTP exposes data because it does not use ___.

How should an exam answer compare HTTP and FTP?

HTTPS encrypts web communication.

HTTP ↔ Fetch web resources

The encrypted version of HTTP is ___.

Which statement connects FTP's limitation with a remedy?

The ping command checks connectivity to a target host, specified by its name or IP address. Enter ping followed by that target, such as ping 172.16.0.1. A reply shows a response arrived; a timeout means no reply arrived within the waiting time.

Put the ping check in order.

The command used to check connectivity is ___.

Which command checks the target 172.16.0.1?

In Windows, ipconfig displays network information such as your IP address and default gateway. The hostname command displays your computer's name. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses; arp -a displays the mappings stored by the operating system.

ipconfig ↔ Displays IP and default-gateway information

To display the computer name, enter ___.

An output row shows 172.16.0.1 beside 00-23-7d-f3-c1-65. Which command displays this kind of mapping?

What is ping used to verify?

hostname ↔ Computer name

ARP stands for Address ___ Protocol.

You need your address, then want to test a target. Which sequence fits?

Order network types from the smallest to the largest geographical reach.

Automatic IP address assignment uses a ___ server.

How many bytes are reserved for the OUI in a MAC address?

Which web protocol sends encrypted data?

How many 16-port switches are required for 31 computers, including links between the switches?

Recall the simplified TCP/IP packet journey.

hostname ↔ Display the computer name

IPv4 and IPv6 address lengths are ___ bytes respectively.