Mention two factors that gave rise to modernism and postmodernism.

Modernism emerged from several key factors:

(a) The rise of new industrial societies contributed to rapid urbanization, leading to significant social, cultural, and technological transformations. (b) The devastating impact of the two World Wars, which resulted in widespread destruction and immense loss of life, particularly highlighted the horrors of racism and genocide, prompting a reevaluation of societal values and beliefs.